МАҚТАНЫҢ (GOSSYPIUM L.) ТҰЗДЫЛЫҚ СТРЕССКЕ ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІНІҢ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ГЕНЕТИКАЛЫҚ МЕХАНИЗМДЕРІ
МАҚТАНЫҢ (GOSSYPIUM L.) ТҰЗДЫЛЫҚ СТРЕССКЕ ТӨЗІМДІЛІГІНІҢ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ГЕНЕТИКАЛЫҚ МЕХАНИЗМДЕРІ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52578/2305-9397-2025-2-4-209-222Аннотация
Солевой стресс является одним из основных абиотических факторов, ограничивающих рост, развитие и продуктивность хлопчатника (Gossypium L.), особенно в засушливых и полузасушливых регионах. В этом обзоре обобщены ключевые морфологические, физиологические и молекулярные реакции хлопчатника на солевой стресс. Морфологически растения, испытывающие солевой стресс, демонстрируют снижение высоты растений, меньшую площадь листьев, задержку цветения и замедление роста корней. Физиологически соленость изменяет ионный баланс, снижает фотосинтетическую активность, нарушает усвоение воды и вызывает окислительный стресс из-за перепроизводства активных форм кислорода (АФК). На молекулярном уровне были идентифицированы многочисленные гены и факторы транскрипции, участвующие в толерантности к соли, включая антипортеры Na⁺/H⁺ (например, GhNHX1 и GhSOS1), ABA-зависимые сигнальные компоненты (GhABI1 и GhSnRK2.6) и регуляторы, реагирующие на стресс (GhDREB2A, GhRD22 и GhWRKY33). Интеграция этих морфологических, физиологических и молекулярных адаптаций позволяет видам Gossypium выживать и поддерживать продуктивность в засоленных условиях. Понимание этих механизмов имеет важное значение для выведения солеустойчивых сортов хлопчатника с использованием молекулярно-генетических и биотехнологических подходов.
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