ОСНОВНЫЕ ГРИБНЫЕ ПАТОГЕНЫ, ПОРАЖАЮЩИЕ ЯБЛОНЕВЫЕ САДЫ В АЛМАТИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
ОСНОВНЫЕ ГРИБНЫЕ ПАТОГЕНЫ, ПОРАЖАЮЩИЕ ЯБЛОНЕВЫЕ САДЫ В АЛМАТИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52578/2305-9397-2025-2-4-22-33Аннотация
Грибковые патогены, особенно представители родов Monilinia и Venturia, представляют серьезную угрозу производству яблок (Malus domestica) в регионах с умеренным климатом. Среди них виды Monilinia вызывают монилиоз (бурую гниль), а Venturia inaequalis является возбудителем парши яблони — обе болезни приводят к значительным экономическим потерям и снижению качества плодов.
Виды Monilinia известны как патогены, вызывающие гниение плодов, увядание цветков и отмирание побегов. В последние годы инвазивный вид M. polystroma привлек внимание исследователей из-за своей высокой агрессивности и расширяющегося ареала в европейских яблоневых садах. Этот вид патогена вызывает круглые, вдавленные некротические поражения на плодах с активной споруляцией, что приводит к мумификации плодов и длительному сохранению инфекции.
В свою очередь, Venturia inaequalis остается одним из самых распространенных и вредоносных патогенов яблони, особенно в прохладном и влажном климате. Он в первую очередь поражает листья и молодые плоды, вызывая характерные оливково-коричневые или черные пятна, которые могут привести к преждевременному опадению листьев, деформации плодов и снижению коммерческой ценности.
В настоящей работе представлены результаты полевого обследования, направленного на выявление и предварительную идентификацию возбудителей Monilinia и Venturia на основе оценки видимых симптомов заболеваний в культурных яблоневых садах. Полученные данные позволяют уточнить видовой состав и визуальное проявление основных грибковых заболеваний в агроэкосистемах Алматинской области. Полученные результаты важны для совершенствования фитосанитарного мониторинга и разработки комплексных стратегий защиты растений для устойчивого производства яблок.
Библиографические ссылки
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Holb I.J., Scherm H. (2007). Brown rot of fruit: Symptomatology and epidemiology of Monilinia spp. infections in pome fruits [Text] / I.J. Holb, H. Scherm // European Journal of Plant Pathology. – Vol. 118. – P. 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-007-9120-2
van Leeuwen G.C.M., Stein A., Holb I.J., Jeger M.J. (2002). Yield Loss in Apple Caused by Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey in the Netherlands [Text] / G.C.M. van Leeuwen et al. // European Journal of Plant Pathology. – Vol. 108. – P. 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015214628401
Børve J., Stensvand A., Sekse L. (2000). Postharvest fruit rot in apple caused by Monilinia fructigena and Penicillium expansum in Norway [Text] / J. Børve et al. // Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B – Plant Soil Science. – Vol. 50. – No. 3. – P. 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/090647100750014350
Holb I.J., Scherm H. (2008). Brown rot of pome fruits: Epidemiological considerations and integrated management [Text] / I.J. Holb, H. Scherm // Plant Disease. – Vol. 92. – No. 9. – P. 1197–1202. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1197
van Leeuwen G.C.M., Baayen R.P., Holb I.J., Jeger M.J. (2002). Distinction of Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructicola using RAPD analysis [Text] / G.C.M. van Leeuwen et al. // Plant Pathology. – Vol. 51. – No. 6. – P. 640–650. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00755.x
Vasić M., Vico I., Jurick W.M. II, Duduk N. (2017). Distribution and characterization of Monilinia spp. causing apple fruit decay in Serbia [Text] / M. Vasić et al. // Plant Disease. – Vol. 101. – No. 2. – P. 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0867-RE
Garkava-Gustavsson L., Kolseth A.-K., Sehic J. (2021). Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) control and resistance breeding: A review [Text] / L. Garkava-Gustavsson et al. // Agronomy. – Vol. 11. – No. 5. – Article 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050841
Bowen J.K., Mesarich C.H., Bus V.G.M., Beresford R.M., Plummer K.M., Templeton M.D. (2011). Venturia inaequalis: the causal agent of apple scab [Text] / J.K. Bowen et al. // Molecular Plant Pathology. – Vol. 12. – No. 2. – P. 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00660.x
Garkava-Gustavsson L., Kolseth A.-K., Sehic J., Sehic A. (2021). Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) control and resistance breeding: A review [Text] / L. Garkava-Gustavsson et al. // Agronomy. – Vol. 11. – No. 5. – Article 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050841
Boesewinkel H.A. (1980). Some observations on the morphology of Monilinia species [Text] / H.A. Boesewinkel // New Zealand Journal of Botany. – Vol. 18. – No. 3. – P. 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1980.10425107
Gessler C., Pertot I., Perazzolli M. (2014). Venturia inaequalis: the causal agent of apple scab [Text] / C. Gessler et al. // Fungal Genetics and Biology. – Vol. 79. – P. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.004
Rossi V., Giosuè S., Caffi T. (2009). Modelling the dynamics of infections caused by Venturia inaequalis [Text] / V. Rossi et al. // European Journal of Plant Pathology. – Vol. 123. – No. 3. – P. 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9387-7
Wang J.R., Guo L.Y., Xiao C.L., Zhu X.Q. (2018). Detection and identification of six Monilinia spp. causing brown rot using TaqMan real-time PCR from pure cultures and infected apple fruit [Text] / J.R. Wang et al. // Plant Disease. – Vol. 102. – No. 8. – P. 1527–1533. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1662-RE
Spitaler U., Pfeifer A., Deltedesco E., Hauptkorn S., Oettl S. (2022). Detection of Monilinia spp. by a multiplex real-time PCR assay and first report of Monilinia fructicola in South Tyrol (northern Italy) [Text] / U. Spitaler et al. // Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. – Vol. 129. – No. 6. – P. 1013–1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00614-7
Rossi V., Giosuè S., Bugiani R. (2007). A-scab (Apple-scab), a simulation model for estimating risk of Venturia inaequalis primary infections [Text] / V. Rossi et al. // EPPO Bulletin. – Vol. 37. – No. 2. – P. 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01125.x
Holb I.J., Heijne B., Jeger M.J. (2005). Summer epidemics of brown rot in apple orchards in three European countries: Incidence and management [Text] / I.J. Holb et al. // Plant Disease. – Vol. 89. – No. 8. – P. 911–916. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0911
MacHardy W.E. (1996). Apple Scab: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management [Text] / W.E. MacHardy. – St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). (2022). PM 7/24 (4) Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena, M. laxa [Text] / EPPO // EPPO Bulletin. – Vol. 52. – No. 1. – P. 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12833
Zhu X.-Q., Zheng H.-H., Fang Y.-L., Guo L.-Y. (2014). A method to induce significant production of conidia from Monilinia fructigena, Monilia polystroma, and Monilia yunnanensis [Text] / X.-Q. Zhu et al. // Australasian Plant Pathology. – Vol. 43. – No. 5. – P. 531–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-014-0307-6
Xu X., Robinson J.D. (2000). Epidemiology of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on apple: Infection of fruits by conidia [Text] / X. Xu, J.D. Robinson // Plant Pathology. – Vol. 49. – No. 2. – P. 201–206.
Gessler C., Patocchi A., Sansavini S., Tartarini S., Gianfranceschi L. (2006). Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple [Text] / C. Gessler et al. // Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. – Vol. 25. – No. 5. – P. 473–503.
Gladieux P., Zhang X.G., Afoufa-Bastien D., Sanhueza R.M.V., Sbaghi M., Le Cam B. (2008). On the origin and spread of the scab disease of apple: out of Central Asia [Text] / P. Gladieux et al. // PLoS ONE. – Vol. 3. – No. 1. – Article e1455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001455
Jha G., Thakur K., Thakur P. (2009). The Venturia-Apple Pathosystem: Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Plant Defense Responses [Text] / G. Jha et al. // Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. – Vol. 2009. – Article ID 680160. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/680160
Croxall H.E., Gwynne D.C., Jenkins J.E.E. (1952). The rapid assessment of apple scab on leaves [Text] / H.E. Croxall et al. // Plant Pathology. – Vol. 1. – No. 3. – P. 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1952.tb00776.x
Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS). (2025). Apple Scab Fruit Fact Sheet [Text] / CALS // [Electronic resource]. – https://cals.cornell.edu/integrated-pest-management/outreach-education/fact-sheets/apple-scab-fruit-fact-sheet (accessed 01.03.2025).
ScienceDirect Topics. Monilinia fructigena – an overview [Text] // [Electronic resource]. – https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/monilinia-fructigena (accessed 01.03.2025).
Bock C.H., Poole G.H., Parker P.E., Gottwald T.R. (2010). Plant disease severity estimated visually, by digital photography and image analysis, and by hyperspectral imaging [Text] / C.H. Bock et al. // Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. – Vol. 29. – No. 2. – P. 59–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352681003617285
Martinelli F., Scalenghe R., Davino S., Panno S., Scuderi G., Ruano-Rosa D., Cacciola S.O. (2015). Advanced methods of plant disease detection. A review [Text] / F. Martinelli et al. // Agronomy for Sustainable Development. – Vol. 35. – No. 1. – P. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0246-1
REFERENCES
Holb I.J., Scherm H. (2007). Brown rot of fruit: Symptomatology and epidemiology of Monilinia spp. infections in pome fruits [Text] / I.J. Holb, H. Scherm // European Journal of Plant Pathology. – Vol. 118. – P. 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-007-9120-2
van Leeuwen G.C.M., Stein A., Holb I.J., Jeger M.J. (2002). Yield Loss in Apple Caused by Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey in the Netherlands [Text] / G.C.M. van Leeuwen et al. // European Journal of Plant Pathology. – Vol. 108. – P. 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015214628401
Børve J., Stensvand A., Sekse L. (2000). Postharvest fruit rot in apple caused by Monilinia fructigena and Penicillium expansum in Norway [Text] / J. Børve et al. // Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B – Plant Soil Science. – Vol. 50. – No. 3. – P. 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/090647100750014350
Holb I.J., Scherm H. (2008). Brown rot of pome fruits: Epidemiological considerations and integrated management [Text] / I.J. Holb, H. Scherm // Plant Disease. – Vol. 92. – No. 9. – P. 1197–1202. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-9-1197
van Leeuwen G.C.M., Baayen R.P., Holb I.J., Jeger M.J. (2002). Distinction of Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructicola using RAPD analysis [Text] / G.C.M. van Leeuwen et al. // Plant Pathology. – Vol. 51. – No. 6. – P. 640–650. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00755.x
Vasić M., Vico I., Jurick W.M. II, Duduk N. (2017). Distribution and characterization of Monilinia spp. causing apple fruit decay in Serbia [Text] / M. Vasić et al. // Plant Disease. – Vol. 101. – No. 2. – P. 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0867-RE
Garkava-Gustavsson L., Kolseth A.-K., Sehic J. (2021). Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) control and resistance breeding: A review [Text] / L. Garkava-Gustavsson et al. // Agronomy. – Vol. 11. – No. 5. – Article 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050841
Bowen J.K., Mesarich C.H., Bus V.G.M., Beresford R.M., Plummer K.M., Templeton M.D. (2011). Venturia inaequalis: the causal agent of apple scab [Text] / J.K. Bowen et al. // Molecular Plant Pathology. – Vol. 12. – No. 2. – P. 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00660.x
Garkava-Gustavsson L., Kolseth A.-K., Sehic J., Sehic A. (2021). Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) control and resistance breeding: A review [Text] / L. Garkava-Gustavsson et al. // Agronomy. – Vol. 11. – No. 5. – Article 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050841
Boesewinkel H.A. (1980). Some observations on the morphology of Monilinia species [Text] / H.A. Boesewinkel // New Zealand Journal of Botany. – Vol. 18. – No. 3. – P. 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1980.10425107
Gessler C., Pertot I., Perazzolli M. (2014). Venturia inaequalis: the causal agent of apple scab [Text] / C. Gessler et al. // Fungal Genetics and Biology. – Vol. 79. – P. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.004
Rossi V., Giosuè S., Caffi T. (2009). Modelling the dynamics of infections caused by Venturia inaequalis [Text] / V. Rossi et al. // European Journal of Plant Pathology. – Vol. 123. – No. 3. – P. 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9387-7
Wang J.R., Guo L.Y., Xiao C.L., Zhu X.Q. (2018). Detection and identification of six Monilinia spp. causing brown rot using TaqMan real-time PCR from pure cultures and infected apple fruit [Text] / J.R. Wang et al. // Plant Disease. – Vol. 102. – No. 8. – P. 1527–1533. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1662-RE
Spitaler U., Pfeifer A., Deltedesco E., Hauptkorn S., Oettl S. (2022). Detection of Monilinia spp. by a multiplex real-time PCR assay and first report of Monilinia fructicola in South Tyrol (northern Italy) [Text] / U. Spitaler et al. // Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. – Vol. 129. – No. 6. – P. 1013–1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00614-7
Rossi V., Giosuè S., Bugiani R. (2007). A-scab (Apple-scab), a simulation model for estimating risk of Venturia inaequalis primary infections [Text] / V. Rossi et al. // EPPO Bulletin. – Vol. 37. – No. 2. – P. 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01125.x
Holb I.J., Heijne B., Jeger M.J. (2005). Summer epidemics of brown rot in apple orchards in three European countries: Incidence and management [Text] / I.J. Holb et al. // Plant Disease. – Vol. 89. – No. 8. – P. 911–916. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0911
MacHardy W.E. (1996). Apple Scab: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management [Text] / W.E. MacHardy. – St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). (2022). PM 7/24 (4) Monilinia fructicola, M. fructigena, M. laxa [Text] / EPPO // EPPO Bulletin. – Vol. 52. – No. 1. – P. 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12833
Zhu X.-Q., Zheng H.-H., Fang Y.-L., Guo L.-Y. (2014). A method to induce significant production of conidia from Monilinia fructigena, Monilia polystroma, and Monilia yunnanensis [Text] / X.-Q. Zhu et al. // Australasian Plant Pathology. – Vol. 43. – No. 5. – P. 531–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-014-0307-6
Xu X., Robinson J.D. (2000). Epidemiology of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on apple: Infection of fruits by conidia [Text] / X. Xu, J.D. Robinson // Plant Pathology. – Vol. 49. – No. 2. – P. 201–206.
Gessler C., Patocchi A., Sansavini S., Tartarini S., Gianfranceschi L. (2006). Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple [Text] / C. Gessler et al. // Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. – Vol. 25. – No. 5. – P. 473–503.
Gladieux P., Zhang X.G., Afoufa-Bastien D., Sanhueza R.M.V., Sbaghi M., Le Cam B. (2008). On the origin and spread of the scab disease of apple: out of Central Asia [Text] / P. Gladieux et al. // PLoS ONE. – Vol. 3. – No. 1. – Article e1455. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001455
Jha G., Thakur K., Thakur P. (2009). The Venturia-Apple Pathosystem: Pathogenicity Mechanisms and Plant Defense Responses [Text] / G. Jha et al. // Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. – Vol. 2009. – Article ID 680160. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/680160
Croxall H.E., Gwynne D.C., Jenkins J.E.E. (1952). The rapid assessment of apple scab on leaves [Text] / H.E. Croxall et al. // Plant Pathology. – Vol. 1. – No. 3. – P. 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1952.tb00776.x
Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS). (2025). Apple Scab Fruit Fact Sheet [Text] / CALS // [Electronic resource]. – https://cals.cornell.edu/integrated-pest-management/outreach-education/fact-sheets/apple-scab-fruit-fact-sheet (accessed 01.03.2025).
ScienceDirect Topics. Monilinia fructigena – an overview [Text] // [Electronic resource]. – https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/monilinia-fructigena (accessed 01.03.2025).
Bock C.H., Poole G.H., Parker P.E., Gottwald T.R. (2010). Plant disease severity estimated visually, by digital photography and image analysis, and by hyperspectral imaging [Text] / C.H. Bock et al. // Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. – Vol. 29. – No. 2. – P. 59–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352681003617285
Martinelli F., Scalenghe R., Davino S., Panno S., Scuderi G., Ruano-Rosa D., Cacciola S.O. (2015). Advanced methods of plant disease detection. A review [Text] / F. Martinelli et al. // Agronomy for Sustainable Development. – Vol. 35. – No. 1. – P. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0246-1
